Dental impression materials: comparative analysis of hydrocolloids, elastomers, and rigid composites
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62452/jh5r8w86Keywords:
Alginate, silicones, hydrocolloids, disinfectionAbstract
Dental impression materials are used to accurately reproduce oral tissues (teeth, gums, and surrounding structures) and their spatial relationships. Their purpose is to obtain a negative impression that allows for the fabrication of study models, dental prostheses, and orthodontic devices. To be effective, these materials must exhibit accuracy and dimensional stability, flexibility, strength, biocompatibility, and ease of handling. There are three main types of impression materials: hydrocolloids, elastomers, and rigid materials. Hydrocolloids include reversible (agar), which change state with temperature, and irreversible (alginate), which solidify through a chemical reaction. Alginate is economical, easy to handle, and quick to use, although its accuracy can be compromised by dehydration or excessive water. Elastomers, such as condensation and addition silicones, polysulfides, and polyethers, offer high precision and dimensional stability. Addition silicones (polyvinyl siloxane) are the most accurate and stable, though they are hydrophobic and require a dry environment. Condensation silicones (polydimethylsiloxane) are versatile and cost-effective but exhibit shrinkage due to evaporation. Polyethers are accurate but rigid and expensive, while polysulfides have good tear resistance but are sticky and have an unpleasant odor. Disinfection of impressions is essential to prevent cross-contamination, with sodium hypochlorite being an effective option. Recent research highlights advances in the composition and techniques for using these materials, improving the quality and accuracy of dental impressions.
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